گريگوري پوسيهل Gregory Possehl
آرڪيالاجي ۽ انٿروپلاجي جي آمريڪي ماهر گريگوري پوسيهل سنڌو سڀيتا تي 47 سال لڳاتار تحقيق ڪئي. سندس جنمآمريڪا جي شهر تاڪوما (واشنگٽن) ۾ 21 جولاءِ 1941ع ۾ ٿيو ۽ پاڻ بوسٽن ۾ 8 آڪٽوبر 2011ع ۾ وفات ڪري ويو. پوسيهل 1964ع ۾ واشنگٽن يونيورسٽي مان اينٿروپلاجي ۾ بي اي جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي. جنهن بعد ساڳي يونيورسٽي مان 1967ع ۾ اينٿروپلاجي ۾ ايم اي ڪئي، بعد ۾ شڪاگو يونيورسٽي مان 1974ع ۾ ساڳي شعبي ۾ ڊاڪٽريٽ جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي. پاڻ پينسيلوينيا يونيورسٽي ۾ اينٿروپلاجي جو پروفيسر هيو. ان سان گڏ پاڻ ساڳي يونيورسٽي جي آرڪيالاجي ۽ اينٿروپلاجي ميوزم جو ڪريوٽر به هيو.
پوسيهل سنڌو ماٿري جي سڀيتا تي ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مقالا تحرير ڪيا آهن. هن 1964ع کان سنڌو سڀيتا تي پنهنجي کوجنا جي شروعات ڪئي. پاڻ ڀارتي رياست گجرات ۾ سنڌو سڀيتا جي قديم ماڳن جي کوٽائي ڪرائي. جن ۾ روجڊي، بابر ڪوٽ ۽ اوريائو ٽمبو جا قديم ماڳ شامل آهن. جڏهن ته پوسيهل ڀارتي رياست راجسٿان ۾ به گلنڊ جي قديم ماڳ جي به کوٽائي ڪرائي. پوسيهل پنهنجي تحقيق ذريعي قديم سنڌو سڀيتا جي زوال واري مفروضي کي رد ڪيو ۽ سندس خيال هيو ته سنڌو ماٿري جي سڀيتا بعد ۾ ويدڪ دور ۾ داخل ٿي ۽ اهڙي طرح پنهنجو وجود برقرار رکيو. سندس تحقيق موجب سنڌو سڀيتا سنڌ، گجرات، پنجاب ۽ اتر ڀارت جي ويجهڙائي وارن علائقن ۾ پنهنجو وجود برقرار رکيو. پوسيهل پنهنجي گريجوئيشن جي پڙهائي واري دور ۾ ئي سنڌو سڀيتا تي تحقيق جي شروعات ڪئي ۽ هن ڪوئيٽا ماٿري ۾ آرڪيالاجي جي هڪ پراجيڪٽ تي ڪم شروع ڪيو. ماسٽرس ڪرڻ بعد کيس ان ئي پراجيڪٽ جو ڊائريڪٽر مقرر ڪيو ويو. پنهنجي ڊاڪٽريٽ جي ڊگري لاءِ به هن پاڪستان ۽ انڊيا ۾ قديم آثارن تي تحقيق کي موضوع بڻايو. پاڻ 1980ع ۾ ڀارتي رياست گجرات ۾ سنڌو سڀيتا جي قديم ماڳن جي کوٽائي جو ڪم شروع ڪيو. عمر جي آخري حصي ۾ پاڻ پنهنجي تحقيق کي ڪتابي شڪل ۾ سامهون آندو.
ڪتاب ۽ مقالا
• The Indus Civilization: A contemporary perspective. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. 2002
• Indus Age: The beginnings. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1999
• Indus Age: The writing system. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996
• Harappan Civilization: A recent perspective. 2nd revised edition. Delhi: Oxford & IBH and the American Institute of Indian Studies: edited, 1993
• Harappan Civilization and Rojdi. Delhi: Oxford & IBH and the American Institute of Indian Studies: with M. H. Raval. 1989
• Kulli: An exploration of ancient civilization in South Asia. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. 1986
• Ancient Cities of The Indus. Vikas Publishing House. 1979
• The Mohenjo-Daro floods: A reply. American Anthropologist 69: 32-40. 1967
• Variation and change in the Indus Civilization: A study of prehistoric Gujarat with special reference to the post-urban Harappan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago. 1974. Revised version published in 1980 as "Indus Civilization in Saurashtra".
• Subsistence pattern of an early farming community of western India. Puratattva (Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society) 1974. 7: 39-46.
• The chronology of gabarbands and palas in western South Asia. Expedition 17 (2): 1975.
• Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory. Symposium convened at the seventy-second annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 2, 1973, New Orleans. (South Asia Occasional Papers and Theses, 4.) Ithaca NY: South Asia Program, Cornell University.
• Lothal: A gateway settlement of the Harappan Civilization. pp. 198–131 in: Kennedy, Kenneth A. R., and Gregory L. Possehl (eds.), Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory. (South Asia Occasional Papers and Theses, 4.) Ithaca: South Asia Program, Cornell University. Reprinted, pp. 212–218 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.) 1979. Ancient cities of the Indus. New Delhi.
• The end of a state and continuity of a tradition: A discussion of the Late Harappan. pp. 234–254 in: Fox, Richard G. (ed.), Realm and region in traditional India. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
• Radiocarbon dates for the Indus Civilization and related sites. pp. 358–360 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.), Ancient cities of the Indus. 1979.
• An extensive bibliography of the Indus Civilization including references cited in the text. pp. 361–422 in: Possehl, Gregory L., 1979. (Ed.) Ancient cities of the Indus.
• Pastoral nomadism in the Indus Civilization: An hypothesis. pp. 537–551 in: Taddei, Maurizio (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1977, vol. I. (Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario di Studi Asiatici, Series minor, 6: I.) Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario di Studi Asiatici.
• Hunter-gatherer/agriculturalist exchange in prehistory: An Indian example. Current Anthropology 20 (3) 1979. 592-593.
• INDUS CIVILIZATION IN SAURASHTRA. New Delhi: Published on behalf of Indian Archaeological Society by B.R. Publishing Corporation. [Revised version of the author's Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1974.]
• Cambay bead-making: An ancient craft in modern India. Expedition 23 (4) 1981.
• HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION: A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American Institute of Indian Studies; Warminster: Aris & Phillips in cooperation with American Institute of Indian Studies. 1982.
• Discovering ancient India's earliest cities: The first phase of research. pp. 405–413 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.), Harappan Civilization: A contemporary perspective. 1982.
• Archaeological terminology and the Harappan Civilization. pp. 27–36 in: Lal, B.B., and S.P. Gupta (eds.), Frontiers of the Indus Civilization: Sir Mortimer Wheeler Commemoration Volume. New Delhi: 1984.
• STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND PALAEOANTHROPOLOGY OF SOUTH ASIA. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American Institute of Indian Studies. 1984.
• Indian Archaeology, A Review: Guide to excavated sites 1953-54 through 1983-84. Puratattva (Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society) 18
• RADIOCARBON DATES FOR SOUTH ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY. (Occasional publication of the Asian Section.) Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. 1989.
• Revolution in the urban revolution: The emergence of Indus urbanization. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 1990.
• The Sorath Harappan: A new regional manifestation of the Indus urban phase. Taddei, Maurizio, with P. Callieri (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1987, vol. I. (Serie Orientale Roma 66: I.) Roma: Istituto per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
• A report on the excavations at Babar Kot: 1990-91. S.l. 16 p. Submitted to the ASI.
• The chronology of prehistoric India: From earliest times to the Iron Age. pp. 465–490 in vol. I and pp. 447–474 (Fig. 1-13, tables 1-14 and References) in vol. II of: Ehrich, Robert W. (ed.), Chronologies in Old World archaeology, 3rd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• The Harappan cultural mosaic: Ecology revisited. pp. 237–244 in vol. I of: Jarrige, Catherine (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1989. (Monographs in World Archaeology, 14.) Madison WI: Prehistory Press.
• The Harappan Civilization in Gujarat: The Sorath and Sindhi Harappans. The Eastern Anthropologist 45 (1-2) 1992.
• A short history of archaeological discovery at Harappa. In: Meadow 1992.
• SOUTH ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY STUDIES. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American Institute of Indian Studies; New York: International Science Publisher (1993).
• Toymakers and trade: A notice of early twentieth century commerce between Philadelphia and India. pp. 261–266 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.), South Asian archaeology studies. 1992.
• The date of Indus urbanization: A proposed chronology for the Pre-Urban and Urban Harappan phases. pp. 231–249 in: Gail, Adalbert J., and G. R. Mevissen (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1991. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
• HARAPPAN STUDIES, Vol. 1. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 1993.
• The Indus Civilization. Man and Environment 19 (1-2) 1994.
• Climate and the eclipse of the ancient cities of the Indus. pp. in: Dalfes, H. Nüzhet, George Kukla and Harvey Weiss (eds.), Third millennium BC climate change and Old World collapse. (NATO ASI, Series 1: Global Environment Change, vol. 49.) Berlin & New York: Springer. 1996.
• INDUS AGE: THE WRITING SYSTEM. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; New Delhi: Oxford IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 1996.
• The transformation of the Indus Civilization. Journal of World Prehistory 11 (4) 1997. Reprinted in Man and Environment 24 (2), 1999.
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• Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization: An annotated list of excavations and surveys. Settar, S., and Ravi Korisettar (eds.) Protohistory: Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization. (Indian archaeology in retrospect, vol. II.) New Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research & Manohar. 2002.
• Indus-Mesopotamian trade: The record in the Indus. Iranica Antiqua 37: 2002.
• The Indus Civilization: An introduction to environment, subsistence, and cultural history. Weber, Steven A., and William R. Belcher (eds.), Indus ethnobiology: New perspectives from the field. Lanham MD: Lexington Books. 2003.
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• Indus River. In Berkshire encyclopedia of sustainability: Afro-Eurasia: Assessing sustainability. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing Group. 2012.