رائمنڊ آلچن Raymond Allchin
برطانوي آرڪيالاجي ماهر رائمنڊ آلچن سنڌو سڀيتا ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي قديم تهذيب ۽ آرڪيالاجي تي ڪافي تحقيق ڪئي ۽ ان متعلق سندس تحرير ڪيل ڪتاب ۽ مقالا تاريخ ۽ آرڪيالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪندڙن لاءِ بي بها اثاثو آهن. پاڻ 9 جولاءِ 1923ع ۾ برطانيه جي شهر هيرو ۾ جنم ورتو ۽ 4 جون 2010ع تي ڪيمبرج ۾ وفات ڪري ويو. رائمنڊ ويسٽ منسٽر ۾ 3 سال آرڪيٽيڪچر ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي. جنهن بعد کيس 1944ع ۾ انڊيا ۾ ملازمت ملي. هن هندي ۽ سنسڪرت ٻولين ۾ بي اي جي ڊگري ورتي ۽ بعد ۾ قديم تاريخ تي ڊاڪٽريٽ ڪئي. جتي سندس ملاقات برگيٽ آلچن سان ٿي. هنن ٻنهي 1951ع ۾ شادي ڪئي ۽ ساڳي شعبي ۾ گڏجي ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا. رائمنڊ پي ايڇ ڊي مڪمل ٿيڻ بعد 1954ع ۾ يونيورسٽي آف لنڊن جي اسڪول آف اورينٽل اينڊ آفريڪن اسٽيڊيز ۾انڊيا جي آرڪيالاجي واري شعبي ۾ ليڪچرار مقرر ڪيو ويو. پاڻ ان عهدي تي 1959ع تائين ڪم ڪندو رهيو، بعد ۾ ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي ۾ انڊين اسٽيڊيز جو ليڪچرار مقرر ٿيو. رائمنڊ ۽ سندس گهرواري سنڌ ۽ هند ۾ ڪيترن ئي قديم ماڳن جي کوٽائي ڪرائي ۽ پٿر دور جا ڪيترائي ماڳ ڳولي لڌا. برطانيه جو هي جوڙو سنڌو سڀيتا تي وڌ کان وڌ تفصيلي تحقيق ڪندڙ ماهرن جي اڳين صف ۾ شامل رهيو آهي. پاڻ برصغير جي قديم تاريخ، اينٿروپلاجي، لکتن ۽ ٻولين تي به تحقيق ڪئي. هن قديم آثارن جي ٻين يورپي ماهرن سان گڏ 1978ع ۾ ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي ۾ انڊيا ايران ٽرسٽ جو بنياد وڌو. جنهن جو مقصد ڏکڻ ايشيا جي شاگردن کي آرڪيالاجي ۾ اعلى تعليم ۽ تحقيق لاءِ فنڊ مهيا ڪرڻ هيو. رائمنڊ قديم تهذيب تي تحقيق بعد پنهنجي زال سميت ٻين ڪيترن ئي ماهرن سان گڏ توڙي اڪيلي سر ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مقالا تحرير ڪيا.
رائمنڊ آلچن آرڪيالاجي جي شعبي ۾ وڌ کان وڌ فيلڊ ورڪ ڪندڙ ماهر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. پاڻ سنڌو ماٿري جي پراڻي پٿر دور جي تاريخ تي به ڪم ڪيو، جنهن کي اڪثر آرڪيالاجي ماهر سنڌو سڀيتا جي شهري تمدن جي پنهنجي مڙني حسناڪين سان گڏ نڪري نروار ٿيڻ تي وساري چڪا هئا. رائمنڊ آلچن 1952ع ۽ بعد ۾ ٻيهر 1957ع ۾ سنڌو ماٿري جي پراڻي ۽ نئين پٿر دور تي تحقيقات شروع ڪئي. هن آنڌرا پرديش جي آرڪيالاجي ۽ ميوزم ڊپارٽمينٽ جي تعاون ۽ فنڊنگ سان ان تحقيقات جي شروعات ڪئي. پاڻ پاڪستان ۾ 1963ع کان 1964ع تائين پروفيسر اي ايڇ داني سان شيخان ڍيري جي ماڳ تي کوجنا ڪئي، جنهن بعد هن 1967ع ۾ گجرات جي سامونڊي ڪناري تي سنڌو سڀيتا جي قديم ماڳن تي تحقيقات جو ڪم شروع ڪيو. آلچن 1977ع کان 1979ع تائين خيبر پختون خواهه صوبي ۾ بنون جي علائقي ۾ قديم ماڳن تي به کوجنا ڪئي. پشاور يونيورسٽي جي تعاون سان ٿيل هن کوجنا ۾ آلچن سان پاڪستان جا آرڪيالاجسٽ پروفيسر ايف اي دراني ۽ پروفيسر فريد خان به شريڪ هئا.
ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آرڪيالاجي تي انتهائي اهم ۽ تفيصلي تحقيق ڪرڻ تي رائمنڊ آلچن کي 1953ع ۾ رائل ايشياٽڪ سوسائٽي جو فيلو ۽ بعد ۾ 1963ع ۾ مڃتا طور ڪيمبرج جي چرچل ڪاليج جو فيلو مقرر ڪيو ويو. کيس 2007ع ۾ دکن ڪاليج پوني طرفان ڊاڪٽر آف لٽريچر جي اعزازي ڊگري به ڏني وئي. رائمنڊ آلچن 1981ع ۾ برٽش اڪيڊمي جو فيلو مقرر ڪيو ويو. جتان هن 1989ع ۾ رٽائرمينٽ حاصل ڪئي.
ڪتاب ۽ مقالا
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• Dilmun and the gulf of Cambay’, Antiquity, 43, 315-16. 1969
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• A pottery group from Ayun, Chitral’ (in honour of Sir Harold Bailey), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 33, 1-4. 1970
• The attaining of the void – a review of some recent contributions in English to Virasaiva studies’, Religious Studies, 7, 339-59. 1971
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• A piece of scale armour from Shaikhan Dheri, Charsada’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2, 113-20. 1972
• A cruciform reliquary from Shaikhan Dheri, Charsada’, in P. Pal, ed., Aspects of Indian Art, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 15-26. 1972
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• Guide to the Asokan inscriptions’ (with K.R. Norman), in B. Allchin, ed., South Asian Studies, 1, 43-50. 1985
• The interpretation of a seal from Chanhu-daro and its significance for the religion of the Indus Civilization, South Asian Archaeology 1983, in J. Schotsmans, J. and M. Taddei, M., eds. Naples, Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Series Minor 23: 369-84. 1985
• Radiocarbon dating of some early sites in North West Pakistan’ (with K.D. Thomas), South Asian Studies, 2: 37-44. 1986
• The aims of the Seminar’, introductory remarks, in B. Allchin, F.R. Allchin and B.K. Thapar, eds, The Conservation of the Indian heritage, New Delhi, Cosmo Publications. 1989
• Threats to the conservation of monuments in urban and rural settings’, in B. Allchin, F.R. Allchin and B.K. Thapar eds, The Conservation of the Indian heritage, New Delhi. 1989
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• The end of the Harappan Urban Phase and its aftermath’. Ancient Ceylon 10: 25-40. 1990
• An Indus ram: a hitherto unrecorded stone sculpture from the Indus Civilization’. South Asian Studies 8: 53-4. 1992
• Coningham R.A.E., Allchin F.R., Batt C.M. & Lucy D. Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6(1): 73–97. 1996
• The interface of archaeology and history’. Man and Environment 23, (1): 19–36. 1998
زال برگيٽ آلچن سان گڏ تحرير ڪيل ڪتاب
• Allchin, Bridget, and F. Raymond Allchin 1968. The Birth of Indian Civilization: India and Pakistan Before 500 B.C. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
• Allchin, Bridget, and F. Raymond Allchin 1982. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Allchin, Bridget, and F. Raymond Allchin 1997. Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Viking.
• Allchin, F. Raymond, and Bridget Allchin 2012. From the Oxus to Mysore in 1951: The start of a great partnership in Indian Archaeology. Kilkerran: Hardinge Simpole